Open Access Peer-reviewed Research Article

Experiences of Developing Conceptual Understanding of 3D Shapes through Audio-Visual Aids

Main Article Content

Shankar Bhatt
Niroj Dahal corresponding author
Indra Mani Shrestha

Abstract

This study explores grade X students’ experiences of developing a conceptual understanding of 3D shapes through audio-visual aids in the Nepalese context. Teachers are using traditional teaching strategies in which they mostly rely on textbooks and lecture-based instructions, and these pedagogical approaches can disengage students, obstruct their mathematical understanding conceptually, and hinder implementation in real-life situations. The study employs a qualitative narrative inquiry method to gather and explore the data. Two teachers having long-term teaching experiences and two students studying in secondary schools are chosen. In-depth interviews are taken to evaluate the impacts of audio aids like YouTube, GeoGebra, Microsoft Excel, Khan Academy, etc., on students' learning experiences; data is transcribed and discussed thematically. The findings of the study show that the proper use of audio-visual resources in mathematics teaching helps to enhance deeper mathematical understanding. Audio-visual aids improve students' active engagement in mathematics classrooms. It also bridges the gap between complex mathematical concepts and their applications in real-life scenarios. Incorporating audio/visual assets in mathematics classrooms can revolutionize the learning environment, encouraging students' active participation and ensuring long-term conceptual mastery. This study underlines the experiences of developing a conceptual understanding of 3D shapes through audio-visual aids. The study suggests that policymakers should equip every school with technological tools and ensure their proper use in the classrooms.

Keywords
audio-visual aids, conceptual understanding, 3D shapes, mathematics pedagogy, narrative inquiry

Article Details

Author Biography

Niroj Dahal, Department of STEAM Education, Kathmandu University School of Education, Hattiban, Lalitpur, Nepal

Niroj Dahal, Ph.D. in STEAM Education, works at Kathmandu University School of Education as a lecturer. Before that, he worked as a visiting faculty member of Kathmandu University School of Education (KUSOED) and Kathmandu University School of Arts (KUSOA), Hattiban, Lalitpur, Nepal in M. Ed in Mathematics Education, M Phil and Bachelor programs as well as visiting faculty member of Nepal Open University (NOU) under Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Manbhaban, Lalitpur, Nepal in M Phil programs. His research interests are ICT in Education, Mathematics Education, Open, Distance & e-Learning, STEAM Education focusing on Technology & Mathematics, and ICT & e-Research. He has taught graduate and undergraduate students for over a decade. Also, he has been continuously participating in more than a dozen national and international conferences, workshops, and seminars. He has published articles in various national and international journals in mathematics education by integrating ICT tools.

How to Cite
Bhatt, S., Dahal, N., & Shrestha, I. M. (2025). Experiences of Developing Conceptual Understanding of 3D Shapes through Audio-Visual Aids. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 5(2), 1621-1634. https://doi.org/10.25082/AMLER.2025.02.016

References

  1. Abrami, P. C., Bernard, R. M., Bures, E. M., Borokhovski, E., & Tamim, R. M. (2011). Interaction in distance education and online learning: using evidence and theory to improve practice. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 23(2–3), 82–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-011-9043-x
  2. Abubakar, H. O., Jemilat, I. A., & Oluranti, S. A. (2021). Availability and use of audio-visual materials for teaching mathematics at the senior secondary school in Ibadan, South-West Local Government, Oyo State. Library Philosophy and Practice, 4778.
  3. Agustini, P. P., Kristiantari, M. R., & Putra, D. K. N. S. (2016). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Berbantuan Media Audio Visual untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Keterampilan Menyimak Tema Sejarah Peradaban Indonesia pada Siswa Kelas V SDN 8 Sumerta. Mimbar PGSD Undiksha, 4(1).
  4. Ali, T. (2011). Exploring students’ learning difficulties in secondary mathematics classroom in Gilgit-Baltistan and teachers’ effort to help students overcome these difficulties. Bulletin of Education and Research, 33(1), 47.
  5. Anggraeni, R., Andriani, S., & AD, Y. (2019). Effect of Thinking Aloud Pair Problem Solving (TAPPS) Method with Audio Visual Media for Students’ Critical Thinking Ability. International Journal of Trends in Mathematics Education Research, 2(1), 31–33. https://doi.org/10.33122/ijtmer.v2i1.58
  6. Apte, A. (2014). Mathematics teaching aids. https://www.authorstream.com
  7. Begolli, K. N., & Richland, L. E. (2016). Teaching mathematics by comparison: Analog visibility as a double-edged sword. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(2), 194–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000056
  8. Belbase, S., Shrestha, R. D., & Luitel, B. C. (2021). Underachieving Students’ Mathematical Learning Experience in the Classrooms in Nepal. Contemporary Mathematics and Science Education, 2(2), ep21010. https://doi.org/10.30935/conmaths/10944
  9. Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
  10. Bouchama, H., & Deghdiche, F. Z. (2019). The Effectiveness of Multimedia Aids in Enhancing the EFL learners’ Reading Comprehension Skill. The Case Study: Secondary School Third year Pupils In Tizi-Ouzou (Doctoral dissertation, Mouloud Mammeri University OF Tizi-Ouzou).
  11. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  12. Brewer, M. R. (2016). An experiment on visual aids, interactive technologies and student performance in Mathematics (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
  13. Bruner, J. S. (1966). Towards a theory of instruction. Harvard University Press.
  14. Capuno, R., Necesario, R., Etcuban, J. O., Espina, R., Padillo, G., & Manguilimotan, R. (2019). Attitudes, Study Habits, and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in Mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(3), 547-561.
  15. Chang, Y. C. (2010). Students’ perceptions of teaching styles and use of learning strategies.
  16. Clandinin, D. J., & Huber, J. (2025). Narrative inquiry. In B. McGaw, E. Baker, & P. P. Peterson (Eds.), International Encyclopaedia of Education (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier.
  17. Cooney, T. J. (1985). A Beginning Teacher’s View of Problem Solving. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 16(5), 324. https://doi.org/10.2307/749355
  18. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  19. Dahal, N. (2022). Ensuring Quality in Qualitative Research: A Researcher’s Reflections. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.6097
  20. Dahal, N. (2022). Narratives of Nepali school mathematics teachers on classroom questioning techniques. Journal of Mathematics and Science Teacher, 2(1), em009. https://doi.org/10.29333/mathsciteacher/12100
  21. Dahal, N. (2025). Qualitative data analysis: reflections, procedures, and some points for consideration. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2025.1669578
  22. Dahal, N., Luitel, B. C., & Pant, B. P. (2019). Understanding the use of questioning by mathematics teachers: A revelation. International Journal of Innovative, Creativity and Change, 5(1), 118-146.
  23. Dahal, N., Manandhar, N. K., Luitel, L., Luitel, B. C., Pant, B. P., & Shrestha, I. M. (2022). ICT tools for remote teaching and learning mathematics: A proposal for autonomy and engagements. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 2(1), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2022.01.013
  24. Dahal, N., Neupane, B. P., Pant, B. P., Dhakal, R. K., Giri, D. R., Ghimire, P. R., & Bhandari, L. P. (2024). Participant selection procedures in qualitative research: experiences and some points for consideration. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2024.1512747
  25. Dewi, N. K. V., Suarni, N. K., & Japa, I. G. N. (2021). The Effect of Connecting, Organizing, Reflecting, Extending Learning Model Assisted by Audio-Visual on Mathematics Learning Outcomes. Journal of Education Technology, 4(4), 441. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v4i4.27109
  26. Garii, B., & Okumu, L. (2008). Mathematics and the World: What do Teachers Recognize as Mathematics in Real World Practice? The Mathematics Enthusiast, 5(2–3), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.54870/1551-3440.1108
  27. Goh, C. (1999). How much do learners know about the factors that influence their listening comprehension?. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 17-42.
  28. Kam, M., Kumar, A., Jain, S., Mathur, A., & Canny, J. (2009). Improving literacy in rural India: cellphone games in an after-school program. 2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1109/ictd.2009.5426712
  29. Kang, S., Shokeen, E., Byrne, V. L., Norooz, L., Bonsignore, E., Williams-Pierce, C., & Froehlich, J. E. (2020). ARMath: Augmenting Everyday Life with Math Learning. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376252
  30. Kania, N., & Arifin, Z. (2020). Aplikasi Macromedia flash untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika Siswa. JNPM (Jurnal Nasional Pendidikan Matematika), 4(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.33603/jnpm.v4i1.2872
  31. Karakirik, E., & Durmus, S. (2005). A New Graphical Logo Design: LOGOTURK. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/75332
  32. Kelly, C. A. (2006). Using Manipulatives in Mathematical Problem Solving: A Performance-Based Analysis. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 3(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.54870/1551-3440.1049
  33. Kinder. (2015). Definition of audio-visual aids. https://www.slideshare.net
  34. Kusuma, I. D. M. A. W. (2018). Analisis kesalahan teknik dasar passing bawah bolavoli mini pada siswa sekolah dasar. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 4(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v4i1.11940
  35. Lalian, O. N. (2018). The effects of using video media in mathematics learning on students’ cognitive and affective aspects. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019, 030011. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5061864
  36. Lampropoulos, G., & Papadakis, S. (2025). The Educational Value of Artificial Intelligence and Social Robots. Social Robots in Education, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82915-4_1
  37. Lavidas, K., Papadakis, S., Manesis, D., Grigoriadou, A. S., & Gialamas, V. (2022). The Effects of Social Desirability on Students’ Self-Reports in Two Social Contexts: Lectures vs. Lectures and Lab Classes. Information, 13(10), 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/info13100491
  38. Lavidas, K., Petropoulou, A., Papadakis, S., Apostolou, Z., Komis, V., Jimoyiannis, A., & Gialamas, V. (2022). Factors Affecting Response Rates of the Web Survey with Teachers. Computers, 11(9), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11090127
  39. Lee, S. J., & Reeves, T. C. (2017). Edgar dale and the cone of experience. Foundations of Learning and Instructional Design Technology.
  40. Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9(4), 438–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
  41. Lockhart, P. (2009). A mathematician's lament: How school cheats us out of our most fascinating and imaginative art form. Bellevue Literary Press.
  42. Luawo, M. I. R., & Nugroho, I. T. (2018). Media Komik untuk Mengembangkan Pemahaman Kemandirian Emosional Siswa Kelas XI SMA Negeri 111 Jakarta. INSIGHT: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 7(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.21009/insight.072.01
  43. Maharjan, M., Dahal, N., & Pant, B. P. (2022). ICTs into mathematical instructions for meaningful teaching and learning. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 2(2), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2022.02.004
  44. Manandhar, N. K., Pant, B. P., & Dawadi, S. D. (2022). Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge of Students of Nepal in Algebra: A Mixed Method Study. Contemporary Mathematics and Science Education, 3(1), ep22005. https://doi.org/10.30935/conmaths/11723
  45. Martin, F., & Bolliger, D. U. (2018). Engagement Matters: Student Perceptions on the Importance of Engagement Strategies in the Online Learning Environment. Online Learning, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v22i1.1092
  46. National Research Council. (2012). Discipline-based education research: Understanding and improving learning in undergraduate science and engineering. National Academies Press.
  47. Niess, M. L. (2005). Preparing teachers to teach science and mathematics with technology: Developing a technology pedagogical content knowledge. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(5), 509–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.03.006
  48. Nwacgukwu, C.E. (2006). Designing appropriate methodology in vocational and technical education for Nigeria. Nsuka University: trust Publishers.
  49. Osokoya, I. O. (1987). History and policy of Nigeria education in world perspective. Ibadan: Wemilore press (Nig) Ltd.
  50. Ozel, S. (2009). Development and testing of achievement from multiple modes of mathematical representation: Audio, audio-visual, and kinesthetic. Texas A&M University.
  51. Panthi, R. K., & Belbase, S. (2017). Teaching and Learning Issues in Mathematics in the Context of Nepal. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201706.0029.v1
  52. Papadakis, S., Kiv, A. E., Kravtsov, H. M., Osadchyi, V. V., Marienko, M. V., Pinchuk, O. P., ... & Striuk, A. M. (2023b). Unlocking the power of synergy: the joint force of cloud technologies and augmented reality in education. In Joint Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Cloud Technologies in Education (CTE 2021) and 5th International Workshop on Augmented Reality in Education (AREdu 2022), Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, May 23, 2022. CEUR Workshop Proceedings.
  53. Papadakis, S., Kiv, A. E., Kravtsov, H. M., Osadchyi, V. V., Marienko, M. V., Pinchuk, O. P., Shyshkina, M. P., Sokolyuk, O. M., Mintii, I. S., Vakaliuk, T. A., Azarova, L. E., Kolgatina, L. S., Amelina, S. M., Volkova, N. P., Velychko, V. Ye., Striuk, A. M., & Semerikov, S. O. (2023). ACNS Conference on Cloud and Immersive Technologies in Education: Report. CTE Workshop Proceedings, 10, 1–44. https://doi.org/10.55056/cte.544
  54. Pea, R. D. (1986). Cognitive technologies for mathematics education. Bank Street College of Education, Center for Children and Technology.
  55. Pillow, W. (2003). On reading research: Studying the researcher’s self. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Narrative inquiries in education: Teaching and learning (Vol. 17). New York, NY: Routledge.
  56. Polkinghorne, D. E. (2004). Narrative knowing and the study of lives. Sage Publications.
  57. Salaberry, M. R. (2001). The Use of Technology for Second Language Learning and Teaching: A Retrospective. The Modern Language Journal, 85(1), 39–56. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/0026-7902.00096
  58. Setiawan, I. M. D., & Ari Oka, I. D. G. (2020). The Use of Audio-Visual Assisted Google Classroom for Mathematics Course. Journal of Education Technology, 4(3), 244. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v4i3.28529
  59. Shin, M., Bryant, D. P., Bryant, B. R., McKenna, J. W., Hou, F., & Ok, M. W. (2016). Virtual Manipulatives. Intervention in School and Clinic, 52(3), 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451216644830
  60. Slavin, R. E. (1995). Cooperative learning: theory, research, and practice. Allyn and Bacon.
  61. Stokes, S. (2002). Visual literacy in teaching and learning: A literature perspective. Electronic Journal for the Integration of Technology in Education, 1(1), 10-19.
  62. Tambychik, T., & Meerah, T. S. M. (2010). Students’ Difficulties in Mathematics Problem-Solving: What do they Say? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.020
  63. Tancredi, S., & Clifford, M. (2018). A synthesis of research on teachers' technology integration from pre-service to in-service. In Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 2161-2168). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  64. Traxler, J., & Kukulska-Hulme, A. (Eds.). (2015). Mobile Learning. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203076095
  65. Valk, J.-H., Rashid, A. T., & Elder, L. (2010). Using mobile phones to improve educational outcomes: An analysis of evidence from Asia. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 11(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v11i1.794
  66. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
  67. Wei, X., Weng, D., Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2015). Teaching based on augmented reality for a technical creative design course. Computers & Education, 81, 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.017
  68. Yara, P. O., & Otieno, K. O. (2010). Teaching/Learning Resources and Academic Performance in Mathematics in Secondary Schools in Bondo District of Kenya. Asian Social Science, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v6n12p126
  69. Yusantika, F. D., Suyitno, I., & Furaidah, F. (2018). Pengaruh media audio dan audio visual terhadap kemampuan menyimak siswa kelas IV (Doctoral dissertation, State University of Malang).