Research on Intelligent Manufacturing and Assembly

Design of a Non-Invasive Blood Sugar Level Measuring Instrument Using Arduino Nano and MAX30100 Sensor Module

2025-08-12T10:48:44+08:00

Many electronic technologies are still used in the healthcare field that require a sample of the patient's body to determine the blood sugar level in the patient. Both invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive methods take blood samples while non-invasive methods use urine samples. For patients who are reluctant to take blood or urine samples to check blood sugar levels, a finger sensor can be used on their fingertips. The purpose of this research is to design an accurate and effective glucose monitoring that is easy for people without fear of needles. This device utilizes Arduino Nano as the main platform and MAX30100 sensor module that is sensitive to glucose molecules in the blood. This research uses the R&D (Research and Development) method and uses the ADDIE approach model. The results of this research show that this device has an average relative error percentage of 5.7%, according to the results of the device comparison test. And the percentage value of the accuracy of this device is 94.3%. On testing the level of feasibility by validators received a final percentage score of 98.3% according to the results of the first validator. This device can be considered "Very Feasible" for use. Results from the second validator showed that the device received a final percentage score of 95%. This device is considered "Very Feasible" for use.

Probabilistic-based Multi-objective Optimization of Aromatic Extraction Process

2025-07-28T11:41:18+08:00

Aromatics extraction is a crucial step in the aromatics production process. Optimization of aromatics extraction process is of great significance for enhancing the overall efficiency of the aromatics unit system with minimizing process energy consumption. The purity and energy consumption of a product are fundamental metrics that need to be optimized simultaneously, which thus make it a multi-objective optimization problem. However, a careful analysis reveals that previous multi-objective optimization methods lack a clear perspective despite having algorithms. This article provides a procedure for maximizing product purity and minimizing process energy consumption during aromatic extraction by means of probabilistic multi-objective optimization (PMOO) together with regression so as to supply optimum parameters of aromatic extraction. PMOO is based on the viewpoint of systems theory, which adopts the method of probability theory to deal with the problem of simultaneous optimization of multiple objectives, and introduces the concept of "preferable probability", it establishes a methodology of probabilistic multi - objective optimization. The evaluated objectives of the candidate in the optimization task are preliminarily divided into two basic types, i.e., the beneficial type and the unbeneficial (cost) type, and the corresponding quantitative evaluation methods of partial preferable probabilities are formulated for these two types. Taking the overall optimization of the optimal problem as a system, the simultaneous optimization of multiple attributes is analyzed as the simultaneous occurrence of multiple events in probability theory. Therefore, the total preferable probability of each alternative candidate is the product of partial preferable probabilities of all possible attributes of the alternative candidate, which optimizes the system as a whole. Finally, all alternative candidates are sorted and optimized according to their values of the total preferable probabilities. Beside, in the optimization, the functional relationship between the total preferable probability and input variables is regressed to get the optimum status and corresponding parameters with reliable limited test data. This method opens up a new way to solve multi-objective problems and has broad application prospects.

A Data-Driven Evaluation of ECD Measurement Techniques Across Traditional and AI-Based Modalities

2025-07-03T09:41:10+08:00

Accurate measurement of corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) is crucial in evaluating the viability of donor corneas for transplantation. The consistency of ECD measurements is critical for predicting post-transplant results and monitoring corneal health. However, measurement methods have evolved, moving from manual counting to more complex semi-automatic and fully automated systems, including AI-powered solutions. This study compares the accuracy, dependability, and efficiency of manual, semi-automated, and fully automated ECD measurement techniques. It investigates the degree of heterogeneity among techniques and evaluates their potential to improve clinical outcomes in corneal transplantation. The sample includes corneal data from 300 participants, 150 male and 150 female donors, who were divided into three groups based on the measurement method: manual, semi-automated, or fully automated. The study also examined the gender distribution to see whether there was any difference in results between male and female donor corneas. Manual counting has previously been notable for its variability due to operator expertise and calibration discrepancies, with mean ECD values ranging from 2146 to 2775 cells/mm² (p < 0.05). Semi-automated procedures, which combine manual input with software aid, enhance consistency. In the Cornea Preservation Time Study, eye banks reported a mean ECD of 2773 ± 300 cells/mm², while CIARC reported 2758 ± 388 cells/mm², with agreement limits ranging from [-644, 675] cells/mm² (p < 0.05). The AxoNet deep learning model had a mean absolute error (MAE) of 12.1 cells/mm² and an R² value of 0.948, making it the most accurate fully automated system. A separate study on AI-based detection of aberrant endothelium cells achieved an accuracy of 0.95, precision of 0.92, recall of 0.94, and F1 score of 0.93, and an AUC-ROC of 0.98 (p < 0.01). Fully automated AI-based methods surpass manual and semi-automated approaches in accuracy and consistency, significantly reducing time and labor. The findings highlight the importance of adopting AI-driven technologies to enhance diagnostic precision and efficiency in clinical settings. However, the need for standardized calibration procedures and high- quality image acquisition remains critical for reliable ECD measurement.

Machine Learning Approaches to Predicting Pacemaker Battery Life

2025-06-25T16:20:50+08:00

Accurate prediction of pacemaker battery life is critical to timely generator replacement and patient safety. We evaluated three regression approaches: multilayer perceptron Neural Networks (NN), Random Forests (RF), and Linear Regression (LR), using 42 real‑world interrogation reports spanning single, dual, and triple‑chamber Medtronic devices. Key electrical parameters (battery voltage/current, lead impedance, capture thresholds, pacing percentages, etc.) were modelled. Performance was quantified with mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and coefficient of determination (R²). NNs achieved the highest accuracy (R² ≈ 1.0; MAE < 0.1 months), RF provided robust results (R² ≈ 0.85), whereas LR exhibited limited predictive fidelity (R²  ≤  0.41). “Monte‑Carlo simulations (n = 1000)” and 95 % prediction intervals characterized predictive uncertainty; residual and Q‑Q analyses verified statistical assumptions. Our findings indicate that a data‑driven NN framework can reliably forecast remaining battery longevity, enabling proactive replacement scheduling and reducing unexpected generator depletion. The methodology is compatible with different manufacturers and suitable to integration within remote device follow‑up systems to enhance longitudinal cardiac care.

Formation of Motivated Adaptive Erudite AGI Twin with Reflexive Multimodal Ontology by Ensembles of Intelligent Agents

2025-08-06T16:29:06+08:00

The development of artificial intelligence and ensembles of intelligent agents has led to the formation of a motivated, adaptive and erudite AGI twin with a reflexive multimodal ontology. Formation of a motivated adaptive intelligent multimodal digital twin with reflexive erudition and ontology based on ensembles of intelligent agents combines several key technologies and methods for creating highly effective systems for modeling and simulating real objects or processes. Motivation allows creating a digital twin that is capable of not only accurately reproducing the characteristics of the original object or system, but also independently determining goals, motives and interaction strategy, which ensures its adaptability to changing conditions and tasks. Multimodal use of various types of data and sensory channels (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) allows the twin to perceive and process information in a variety of formats, increasing the accuracy and completeness of results. Creating a digital twin from specialized agents interacting with each other and uniting into ensembles to solve complex problems allows distributing functions, increasing flexibility and its scalability. Providing it with reflection, analysis of its own decisions and behavior, as well as erudition for accumulation and use of knowledge improves and expands the scope of activity and learning from experience. The ontology of knowledge, describing the entities, properties and relationships of objects, as well as practical skills, promotes compatibility and expandability of activity with people. Practical implementation includes, firstly, the development of the architecture of multimodal data and algorithms for their processing, secondly, the creation and training of agent ensembles using machine learning methods and neural networks, thirdly, the introduction of reflection and self-learning mechanisms to increase motivation and adaptability of the system, fourthly, the formalization of ontologies for structuring knowledge and integrating skills with other systems. The information approach finds application in robotics, virtual assistants, monitoring and control systems, as well as in modeling complex dynamic systems where a high degree of flexibility and AGI intelligence is required.