The Application of Passive Defense in Construction Management and Risk Management of Civil Projects: A Case Study of Ramsar City
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Abstract
One of the topics that have received special attention today in the design and implementation of railways, airports, power plants, dams, military barracks, offices, etc., is the issue of passive defense. It aims to proactively safeguard facilities and is of critical importance in practice. With the advancement of reconnaissance technologies, passive defense capabilities have also developed correspondingly: they have moved beyond static and immobile states and shown kinetic-thermal-acoustic reactions against enemy identifiers. The purpose of this research is to study passive defense in managing the risks of construction projects. The study population consisted of 12 companies and 68 experts in the field of civil engineering in Ramsar City. The research sample, selected using Cochran's formula, included 58 of these experts. The research method was correlational, and the relationships between variables were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results of this study showed that the components of passive defense—including camouflage, concealment, deception, cover, location, dispersion, division and relocation, fortifications, safe structures, and information announcement—have a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable: risk management of civil engineering projects.
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