Objective: This study investigates the reluctance of individuals in the United States to get health insurance, specifically examining the psychological and sociodemographic aspects that contribute to this reluctance within the Affordable Care Act (ACA) framework. The research objective is to ascertain the behavioral factors contributing to insurance hesitation and offer valuable perspectives for decreasing the number of individuals without health insurance and enhancing health security.
Methodology: The study uses data from the 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances to analyze the impact of specific variables such as risk tolerance, consumer confidence, income, education, age, and marital status on health insurance coverage choices. We also address issues related to cost, perceived health requirements, previous experiences, and misunderstandings about eligibility.
Conclusion: The study demonstrates that higher customer confidence, frequently associated with financial stability, decreases reluctance to obtain insurance. By contrast, individuals with more risk tolerance exhibit more hesitancy, opting to depend on internal resilience. Furthermore, substantial demographic disparities indicate the presence of several obstacles in acquiring comprehensive coverage.
Implications and Recommendations: The results underscore the necessity of tailored policy interventions that address the unique requirements of different demographic groups. It is crucial to consider both psychological and sociodemographic aspects to promote insurance adoption and ensure universal health security. The present study makes a valuable contribution to the current body of literature by offering a comprehensive examination of health insurance hesitation following the Affordable Care Act (ACA) implementation.

This study investigates the relationship between financial literacy and the choice of life insurance policies in the multi-racial context of the United States. Both subjective and objective measures of financial literacy are considered important factors in shaping consumer behavior in the life insurance market. Methods: Logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from the 2022 Survey of Consumer Finance to explore how financial literacy is related to the ownership of different types of life insurance, including term insurance, cash value insurance, and a combination of both. The analysis controlled for demographic variables such as age, race, and marital status. Results: The results show that subjective financial literacy significantly influences the ownership of all types of life insurance, while objective financial literacy only affects ownership of term insurance. Demographic factors, such as belonging to Generation X, or being married, also have a positive impact on life insurance ownership. Higher levels of education and income are associated with a higher likelihood of owning life insurance, while unemployment has a negative impact. Conclusion: The findings highlight the central role of subjective financial literacy in motivating individuals to purchase life insurance. Confidence in one's financial knowledge appears to be more influential than actual knowledge when making insurance decisions. Therefore, financial education programs should aim to improve both financial knowledge and confidence to encourage wider adoption of life insurance, ensuring greater financial security for diverse populations.

This paper is an essay that aims to understand China's economic policy in the African markets. As a result, changes in international trade and foreign direct investments (FDIs) from the beginning of the new millennium and to the end of the last decade have been highlighted. The data have shown a clear intensification of Chinese trade and FDIs in African markets in 2017 compared to 2002. This international expansionism is a result of the economic policy adopted by China to gradually push firms to approach foreign markets. Therefore, it has been a consequence of the leading and supporting role of international trade played by Chinese governance.