Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Research

This study documents the stepwise development and evaluation of a generic Lymecycline 408 mg hard gelatin capsule manufactured locally in Pakistan. The formulation process began with the selection of suitable pharmacopeial excipients after conducting accelerated compatibility testing to ensure that no undesirable physical or chemical interactions occurred with the active ingredient. Based on these preliminary investigations, a stable capsule composition was finalized. The finished capsules were evaluated according to British Pharmacopoeia requirements. All tested quality attributes, including assay, dissolution behavior, content uniformity, and moisture content, were found to comply with the specified limits. These results confirmed the consistency and integrity of the developed dosage form. Quantitative analysis of Lymecycline was carried out using a high-performance liquid chromatography method that was validated prior to routine application. During validation, parameters such as specificity, precision under repeat and intermediate conditions, accuracy through recovery assessment, robustness against minor variations, and system suitability were carefully examined. The method demonstrated reliable and reproducible performance in line with internationally accepted regulatory standards. To assess comparative in-vitro performance, dissolution testing was performed using the USP paddle method in media representing gastric and intestinal pH conditions (pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8). In all cases, more than 85% of the drug was released within one hour. Statistical comparison with the reference product, Tetralysal® 300 mg, showed acceptable similarity and difference factor values, indicating comparable release profiles. Overall, the data support that the developed formulation performs equivalently to the reference product and may be considered suitable for local production and further regulatory processing.

Within little more than a decade, agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor have moved from incremental glucose-lowering agents to the most consequential drug class in cardiometabolic medicine. The defining advance has been less a single molecule than a design strategy—rational polypharmacology—in which one peptide, or a fixed co-formulation, engages two or three nutrient-sensing receptors. In this narrative review, built from a documented search of the primary literature and graded by level of evidence, we trace the resulting efficacy ladder from single GLP-1 agonism (≈15% mean weight loss with semaglutide) through dual GLP-1/GIP agonism (tirzepatide, ≈21%) to triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon agonism (retatrutide, 24% in phase 2, with provisional phase 3 topline results in the high-20% range). We argue that the class’s significance lies less in weight than in convergent benefits across cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and hepatic disease; synthesize the pivotal outcome trials (SELECT, FLOW, SURPASS-CVOT, SURMOUNT-OSA, SUMMIT, ESSENCE); quantify the principal safety signals in absolute terms; and confront the unresolved problems of durability, tolerability, lean-mass loss, special populations, cost and equitable access. Negative results—most notably the failure of oral semaglutide to slow early Alzheimer’s disease in EVOKE and EVOKE+—are given equal weight.

Plants are an incredible source of diverse chemicals, offering endless possibilities for new drug development. Traditional medicinal plants have the potential to provide cures for various chronic and infectious diseases. Pharmaceutical industries worldwide are actively exploring plant metabolites to develop therapeutic drugs. With up to 80\% of people in certain regions relying on herbal medicines, there is immense potential in extracting and isolating bioactive compounds to create innovative new drug candidates. Although challenging, the process can be streamlined through strategic planning and modern techniques, offering promising outcomes in drug discovery research.

Metabolically dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a progressive liver condition associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and dyslipidaemia, all of which are components of metabolic syndrome. In 2024, resmetirom, a selective thyroid hormone receptor-β (THR-β) agonist, became the first treatment for non-cirrhotic MASH with mild to advanced fibrosis to receive FDA approval, and in 2025, it was conditionally approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for fibrotic MASH. Resmetirom enhances β-oxidation and lipid metabolism, leading to a reduction in hepatic fat, inflammation, and fibrosis, while minimizing systemic effects on the thyroid or heart. It is intended to be used alongside lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and exercise, to optimize patient outcomes. Nevertheless, discrepancies between clinical trial populations and real-world payer criteria reveal access challenges that necessitate policy reform. Effective screening programs rely on educating healthcare providers from various disciplines and establishing consistent standards. Future research should investigate the potential of resmetirom in combination with agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and statins, particularly in light of recent long-term safety data regarding these drug classes and their effects on the thyroid axis. Achieving equitable access will require fair payer endpoints, cost-effectiveness evaluations, and consideration of patient-reported outcomes. Resmetirom signifies a significant advancement in the management of MASH, providing metabolic advantages in conjunction with clinical and lifestyle interventions. Metabolically-dysfunctional-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) impacts nearly one-third of adults globally, with 10–30% of cases progressing to MASH or fibrosis, especially in individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes. Current guidelines endorse resmetirom for non-cirrhotic fibrotic MASH (typically LSM-VCTE 10–20 kPa or MRE 3.1–4.4 kPa), while excluding patients with cirrhosis, active liver disease, substantial alcohol consumption, or untreated thyroid disorders. Monitoring protocols include assessing hepatic safety, thyroid function when necessary, and evaluating response through non-invasive tests and ALT measurements after 6–12 months. Data from the real world indicate a swift adoption of non-invasive eligibility tools, initial enhancements in liver stiffness, and a common concurrent use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, with the response being independent of weight-loss therapies. With the recent approval of semaglutide for fibrotic MASH, determining the optimal integration of resmetirom within treatment algorithms, exploring combination strategies with GLP-1 receptor agonists, and assessing the long-term impacts on liver and cardiometabolic outcomes are essential priorities. This review consolidates the evidence supporting the conditional approval of resmetirom, delineates current clinical guidelines, shares early real-world experiences, and emphasizes the ongoing challenges and future directions in the management of fibrotic MASH.