Anticonvulsant activities of the methanol crude extract and fractions of the leaf Solanum americanum (S.a.) in pentylenetetrazole and 4-amino pyridine induced seizure in white albino rats
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research investigated the anticonvulsant effect of the crude extract and fractions of Solanum americanum’s (S.a.) leaves on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and 4- amino pyridinein albino rats to authenticate the use of the leaves in the treatment of epilepsy in South -Eastern Nigeria. The leaves of S.a were extracted with methanol and fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The parameters observed were onset of convulsions in minutes, duration of clonic phase in minutes, percentage protection from seizures and mortality. The anticonvulsant tests were carried out using 60 (sixty) white albino rats (weighing 80-136 g) of both sexes, varying concentrations of both methanol extracts and fractions (12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) were administered to the rats after which convulsion were induced in the rats using 9.0 mg/kg of PTZ and 1.5 mg/kg 4-amino pyridine on different groups (35 and 25) of rats respectively. The results of the various groups were compared with the control group and significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The acute toxicity test was conducted at a dose of 3000 mg/kg. At a peak dose of 200 mg/kg methanol crude extract, hexane and methanol fraction in PTZ model protected the animals from seizure at 89.30%, 100%, 100% but gave 80%, 80% and 60% protection from mortality respectively. Hexane fraction (12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) protected the rats against mortality at 20%, 40%, 60%, 60% and 80% respectively, while no anticonvulsant activities were detected in ethyl acetate fraction. Differences among the means and standard deviation was statistically significant at P < 0.05.The acute toxicity test showed that the leaf of S.a. is non-toxic. The result obtained substantiated the use of the leaf of Solanum americanum ethnobotanically as anticonvulsant.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Ogirima SAO. Web-based decision support system for prescription in herbal medicine. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2015, 6(7): 245-254. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC174438
- Epilepsy WHO. A manual for medical and clinical officers In Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
- Haslam HAR. The nervous system. In: Kliegman R, Behrman R, Jenson H, Stanton B, (Eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Publishers,2008, 2457-2530.
- Fisher RS, Boas W van E, Blume W, et al. Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsy: Definitions Proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005, 46(4): 470-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x
- Sathyanarayana Rao KN, Subbalakshmi NK. An experimental study of the anticonvulsant effect of amlodipine in mice. Singapore Medical Journal. 2010, 51(5): 424.
- Meyer AC, Dua T, Ma J, et al. Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2009, 88(4): 260-266. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.09.064147
- Tanko Y, Eze ED, Jimoh A, et al. Anticonvulsant Activity of Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Securinega Virosa (Euphobiaceae) in Mice. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2012, 4(1): 44-47. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-0414447
- Pitchaiah G, Anusha VL, Hemalatha CH, et al. Anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activity of methanolic extract of allium cepa Linn (Onion) bulbs in Swiss albino mice. AkiNik Publications. 2015, 4(2): 131-135.
- Hema B, Bhupendra S, Mohamed Saleem TS, et al. Anticonvulsant effect of Drosera burmannii Vahl. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products. 2009, 2(3): 1-4.
- Yaro AH, Musa AM, Magaji MG, et L. Anticonvulsant potentials of methanol leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia Planch (Vitaceae) in mice and chicks. International Journal of Herbs and Pharmacological Research. 2015, 4(2): 25-32.
- Garba K, Hamza AY. Anticonvulsant actions of ethanol stem bark extract of Trichilia roka (Meliaceae) in mice and chicks. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2015, 4(4): 231-234. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4409
- Sandeep KK, Karunakar K, Jarinabanu T, et al. Antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. in Animal models.Indian International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review. 2015, 3(7): 23-30.
- Agedew T, Nedi T, Umer S, et al. Anticonvulsant activity of 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions of Buddleja polystachya fresen (Buddlejaceae) in mice. Ethiop Pharm Journal. 2021, 36(2): 121-30.
- Olesen JB, Abildstrøm SZ, Erdal J, et al. Effects of epilepsy and selected antiepileptic drugs on risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death in patients with or without previous stroke: a nationwide cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2011, 20(9): 964-971. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2186
- Renoux C, Dell’Aniello S, Saarela O, et al. Antiepileptic drugs and the risk of ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2015, 5(8): e008365. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008365
- Anjali S, Sheetal S. Phytochemical Analysis and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Herbal and Medicinal Plant Extracts. Indian Journal of Pharma and Phytochemistry. 2013, 2(4): 22-29.
- Ogbuagu AS. Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Cassia Occidentalis. Ph.D dessertation, Dept of Pure and Industrial chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. 2012, 61-70.
- While HS, Woodhead JH, Wilcox KS, et al. Discovery and preclinical development of antiepileptic drugs.In: Levy, R.H., Mattson R.H., Meldrum B.S, Perucca, E. antiepileptic drugs. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd. 2002, 36-48.
- OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: Acute oral toxicity-acute toxic class method. Guideline No. 423, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Dev., 2001, 1-14.
- Ya’u J, Yaro AH, Malami S, et al. Anticonvulsant activity of aqueous fraction ofCarissa edulisroot bark. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2015, 53(9): 1329-1338. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.981280
- Salahdeen HM, Yemitan OK. Neuropharmacological effects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum in mice. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2009, 9(2): 101-107. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajbr.v9i2.48782
- Ravi V, Saleem TS, Maiti PP, et al. Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of Solanum nigrum Linn. African Journal of Pharm and Pharmacol. 2009, 3(9): 454-457.
- Rasilingam D, Duraisamy S, Subramanian R. Anticonvulsant activity of bioflavonoid gossypin. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 2008, 4(1): 51-54. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v4i1.1081
- Tyagi N, Sharma A, Verma KS, et al. CNS Acting Potential of Natural Products with Special Reference to Family Solanaceae. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2021, 12(4): 219-223.
- Duraisami R, Srinivasan D, Ramaswamy S. Anticonvulsant activity of bioflavonoid gossypin. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 2009, 4(1): 51-54.