Programming environments for the development of CT in preschool education: A systematic literature review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Computational Thinking (CT) and coding skills are internationally acknowledged as necessary for today's students and 21st century citizens. Nowadays, despite the multifaceted nature of CT, the introduction of CT and associated concepts is regarded as developmentally acceptable for preschool and kindergarten children. Furthermore, there is a considerable influx of software offering various interfaces and styles which facilitate the introduction of children aged four to six to essential CT, coding, and problem-solving skills. Although the creators of these environments claim that they bear educational value, there is no formal or scientifically documented evaluative system certifying this value. For instance, the fast-paced developers produce apps, and the breadth of the available apps has gone beyond what is reasonable for researchers and experts in the domain to evaluate. This article presents a literature review on the available software to encourage preschoolers’ introduction to CT, coding and general literacy skills.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2019). Developing young children's CT with educational robotics: An interaction effect between gender and scaffolding strategy. Computers in Human Behavior,105, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.018
- Arfé, B., Vardanega, T., Montuori, C., & Lavanga, M. (2019). Coding in primary grades boosts children's executive functions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02713
- Bakala, E., Gerosa, A., Hourcade, J. P., & Tejera, G. (2021). Preschool children, robots, and CT: a systematic review. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100337
- Bers, M. U. (2018). Coding, playgrounds and literacy in early childhood education: The development of KIBO robotics and ScratchJr. In 2018 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON) (pp. 2094-2102). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2018.8363498
- Bers, M. U., Flannery, L., Kazakoff, E. R., & Sullivan, A. (2014). CT and tinkering: exploration of an early childhood robotics curriculum. Computers & Education, 72, 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.020
- Bers, M. U., González-González, C., & Armas-Torres, M. B. (2019). Coding as a playground: promoting positive learning experiences in childhood classrooms. Computers & Education, 138, 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.013
- Bocconi, S., Chioccariello, A., Dettori, G., Ferrari, A., Engelhardt, K., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2016). Developing computational thinking in compulsory education. European Commission, JRC Science for Policy Report, 68. https://doi.org/10.2791/792158
- Brennan, K., & Resnick, M. (2012). New frameworks for studying and assessing the development of computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 2012 annual meeting of the American educational research association, Canada, (pp. 1-25).
- Çakır, R., Korkmaz, Ö., İdil, Ö., & Erdoğmuş, F. U. (2021). The effect of robotic coding education on preschoolers' problem solving and creative thinking skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40, Article 100812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100812
- Cheng, G. (2019). Exploring factors influencing the acceptance of visual programming environment among boys and girls in primary schools. Computers in human behavior, 92, 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.043
- Ching, Y. H., Hsu, Y. C., & Baldwin, S. (2018). Developing CT with educational technologies for young learners. TechTrends, 62, 563-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-018-0292-7
- Çiftci, S., & Bildiren, A. (2020). The effect of coding courses on the cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills of preschool children. Computer science education, 30(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2019.1696169
- Clarke-Midura, J., Kozlowski, J. S., Shumway, J. F., & Lee, V. R. (2021). How young children engage in and shift between reference frames when playing with coding toys. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 28, Article 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100250
- Critten, V., Hagon, H., & Messer, D. (2021). Can preschool children learn programming and coding through guided play activities? A case study in CT. Early Childhood Education Journal, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01236-8
- Di Lieto, M. C., Inguaggiato, E., Castro, E., Cecchi, F., Cioni, G., Dell’Omo, M., Laschi, C., Pecini, C., Santerini G., Sgandurra, G., & Dario, P. (2017). Educational Robotics intervention on Executive Functions in preschool children: a pilot study. Computers in human behavior, 71, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.018
- Elkin, M., Sullivan, A., & Bers, M. U. (2016). Programming with the KIBO robotics kit in preschool classrooms. Computers in the Schools, 33(3), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2016.1216251
- Falloon, G. (2016). An analysis of young students' thinking when completing basic coding tasks using Scratch Jnr. On the iPad. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 32(6), 576–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12155
- Fayer, S., Lacey, A., & Watson, A. (2017). STEM occupations: past, present, and future. Spotlight on Statistics, pp. 1, 1–35. https://www.bls.gov
- Fessakis, G., Gouli, E., & Mavroudi, E. (2013). Problem solving by 5-6 years old kindergarten children in a computer programming environment: A case study. Computers & Education, 63, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.016
- Fessakis, G., Komis, V., Dimitracopoulou, A., & Prantsoudi, S. (2019). Overview of the Computer Programming Learning Environments for primary education. Review of Science, Mathematics and ICT Education, 13(1), 7-33. . doi:https://doi.org/10.26220/rev.3140
- Flórez, B. F., Casallas, R., Hernández, M., Reyes, A., Restrepo, S., & Danies, G. (2017). Changing a generation's way of thinking: teaching CT through programming. Review of Educational Research, 87(4), 834-860. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0034654317710096
- García-Valcárcel-Muñoz-Repiso, A., & Caballero-González, Y. A. (2019). Robotics to develop CT in early Childhood Education. Comunicar. Media Education Research Journal, 27(59), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.3916/C59-2019-06
- Gordon, M., Rivera, E., Ackermann, E., & Breazeal, C. (2015). Designing a relational social robot toolkit for preschool children to explore computational concepts. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (pp. 355-358). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2771839.2771915
- Haddaway, N. R., Collins, A. M., Coughlin, D., & Kirk, S. (2015). The role of Google Scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PLoS ONE, 10(9), Article e0138237. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138237
- Heikkilä, M., & Mannila, L. (2018). Debugging in programming as a multimodal practice in early childhood education settings. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 2(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2030042
- Heljakka, K., & Ihamäki, P. (2019). Ready, steady, move! Coding toys, preschoolers, and mobile playful learning. In P. Zaphiris, & A. Ioannou (Eds), Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Ubiquitous and Virtual Environments for Learning and Collaboration (pp. 68-79). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21817-1_6
- Hirsh-Pasek, K., Zosh, J. M., Golinkoff, R. M., Gray, J. H., Robb, M. B., & Kaufman, J. (2015). Putting education in ``educational" apps: lessons from the Science of learning. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(1), 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100615569721
- Jung, S. E., & Won, E. S. (2018). Systematic review of research trends in robotics education for young children. Sustainability, 10(4), 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040905
- Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2017b). A proposal for teaching ScratchJr programming environment in preservice kindergarten teachers. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Science Education Research Association (ESERA) (pp. 21-25).
- Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2017a). An evaluation of Greek educational Android apps for preschoolers. In proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Science Education Research Association (ESERA), Research, Practice and Collaboration in Science Education, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick, Dublin, Ireland (pp. 21-25).
- Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2017c). An evaluation of Greek educational Android apps for preschoolers. In proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Science Education Research Association (ESERA), Research, Practice and Collaboration in Science Education, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick, Dublin, Ireland (pp. 21-25).
- Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2020). The use of developmentally mobile applications for preparing pre-service teachers to promote STEM activities in preschool classrooms. In Mobile Learning Applications in Early Childhood Education (pp. 82-100). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1486-3.ch005
- Kazakoff, E. R., Sullivan, A., & Bers, M. U. (2013). The effect of a classroom-based intensive robotics and programming workshop on sequencing ability in early childhood. Early Childhood Education Journal, pp. 41, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-012-0554-5
- Kazakoff, E., & Bers, M. (2012). Programming in a robotics context in the kindergarten classroom: The impact on sequencing skills. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 21(4), 371-391.
- Khoo, K. Y. (2020). A Case Study on How Children Develop CT Collaboratively with Robotics Toys. International Journal of Educational Technology and Learning, 9(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.20448/2003.91.39.51
- Kikilias, P., Papachristos, D., Alafodimos, N., Kalogiannakis, M. & Papadakis, St. (2009). An Educational Model for Asynchronous E-Learning. A case study in a Higher Technology Education, In D. Guralnick (ed.) Proceedings of the International Conference on E-Learning in the Workplace (ICELW-09), 10-12 June 2009, New York: Kaleidoscope Learning (CD-Rom).
- Lavidas, K., Apostolou, Z., & Papadakis, S. (2022). Challenges and opportunities of mathematics in digital times: Preschool teachers' views. Education Sciences, 12(7), 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12070459
- Levy, Y., & Ellis, T. J. (2006). A systems approach to conduct an effective literature review in support of information systems research. Informing Science Journal, 9, 181-212. https://doi.org/10.28945/479
- Lin, S. Y., Chien, S. Y., Hsiao, C. L., Hsia, C. H., & Chao, K. M. (2020). Enhancing CT Capability of Preschool Children by Game-based Smart Toys. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 44, Article 101011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2020.101011
- Lye, S. Y., & Koh, J. H. L. (2014). Review on teaching and learning of CT through programming: what is next for K-12? Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.012
- Macrides, E., Miliou, O., & Angeli, C. (2021). Programming in early childhood education: a systematic review. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, Article 100396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100396
- Misirli, A., & Komis, V. (2014). Robotics and programming concepts in Early Childhood Education: a conceptual framework for designing educational scenarios. In C. Karagiannidis, P. Politis, & I. Karasavvidis (Eds) Research on e-Learning and ICT in Education (pp. 99-118). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6501-0_8
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Altman, D., & The PRISMA Group (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8, 336-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
- Murcia, K. J., & Tang, K. S. (2019). Exploring the multimodality of young children's coding. Australian Educational Computing, 34(1).
- Nam, K. W., Kim, H. J., & Lee, S. (2019). Connecting plans to action: the effects of a card-coded robotics curriculum and activities on Korean kindergartners. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 28(5), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00438-4
- Newhouse, C. P., Cooper, M., & Cordery, Z. (2017). Programmable toys and free play in early childhood classrooms. Australian Educational Computing, 32(1).
- Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic reviews, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4
- Papadakis, S. (2018). Is pair programming more effective than solo programming for secondary education novice programmers?: A case study. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies (IJWLTT), 13(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWLTT.2018010101
- Papadakis, S. (2021). The impact of coding apps to support young children in computational thinking and computational fluency. A literature review. In Frontiers in Education (p. 183). Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.657895
- Papadakis, S. (2022). Apps to Promote Computational Thinking and Coding Skills to Young Age Children: A Pedagogical Challenge for the 21st Century Learners. Educational Process. International Journal, 11(1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2022.111.1
- Papadakis, S., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2022). Learning computational thinking development in young children with Bee-Bot educational robotics. In Research Anthology on Computational Thinking, Programming, and Robotics in the Classroom (pp. 926-947). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-2411-7.ch040
- Papadakis, S., & Orfanakis, V. (2018). Comparing novice programing environments for use in secondary education: App Inventor for Android vs. Alice. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 10(1-2), 44-72. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTEL.2018.088333
- Papadakis, S., Alexandraki, F., & Zaranis, N. (2022). Mobile device use among preschool-aged children in Greece. Education and Information Technologies, 27(2), 2717-2750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10718-6
- Papadakis, S., Kalogiannakis, M., & Zaranis, N. (2016). Developing fundamental programming concepts and CT with ScratchJr in preschool education: a case study. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 10(3), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2016.077867
- Papadakis, S., Vaiopoulou, J., Sifaki, E., Stamovlasis, D., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2021). Attitudes towards the use of educational robotics: Exploring pre-service and in-service early childhood teacher profiles. Education Sciences, 11(5), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11050204
- Papadakis, S., Vaiopoulou, J., Sifaki, E., Stamovlasis, D., Kalogiannakis, M., & Vassilakis, K. (2021). Factors That Hinder in-Service Teachers from Incorporating Educational Robotics into Their Daily or Future Teaching Practice. In CSEDU (2) (pp. 55-63). https://doi.org/10.5220/0010413900550063
- Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and powerful ideas. Basic Books.
- Pila, S., Aladé, F., Sheehan, K. J., Lauricella, A. R., & Wartella, E. A. (2019). Learning to code via tablet applications: An evaluation of Daisy the Dinosaur and Kodable as learning tools for young children. Computers & Education, 128, 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.006
- Portelance, D. J., Strawhacker, A. L., & Bers, M. U. (2016). Constructing the ScratchJr programming language in the early childhood classroom. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, pp. 26, 489-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-015-9325-0
- Roussou, E., & Rangoussi, M. (2019). On the use of robotics for the development of CT in kindergarten: Educational intervention and evaluation. In M. Merdan, W. Lepuschitz, G. Koppensteiner, R. Balogh, & D. ObdrŽálek , Robotics in Education (pp. 31-44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26945-6_3
- Saxena, A., Lo, C. K., Hew, K. F., & Wong, G. K. W. (2020). Designing unplugged and plugged activities to cultivate CT: An exploratory study in early childhood education. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 29(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00478-w
- Strawhacker, A., & Bers, M. U. (2015). ``I want my robot to look for food": comparing Kindergartner's programming comprehension using tangible, graphic, and hybrid user interfaces. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, pp. 25, 293-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9287-7
- Strawhacker, A., & Bers, M. U. (2019). What they learn when they learn coding: Investigating cognitive domains and computer programming knowledge in young children. Educational Technology Research and Development, pp. 67, 541-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-9622-x
- Strawhacker, A., Lee, M., & Bers, M. U. (2018). Teaching tools, teachers' rules: exploring the impact of teaching styles on young children's programming knowledge in ScratchJr. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, pp. 28, 347-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-017-9400-9
- Sullivan, A., & Bers, M. U. (2016). Robotics in the early childhood classroom: learning outcomes from an 8-week robotics curriculum in prekindergarten through second grade. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, pp. 26, 3-20. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10798-015-9304-5
- Sullivan, A., & Bers, M. U. (2018). Dancing robots: integrating art, music, and robotics in Singapore's early childhood centers. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, pp. 28, 325-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-017-9397-0
- Sullivan, A., & Bers, M. U. (2019). Investigating the use of robotics to increase girls' interest in engineering during early elementary school. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, pp. 29, 1033-1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-018-9483-y
- Sullivan, A., Bers, M., & Pugnali, A. (2017). The impact of user interface on young children's CT. Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, 16, 171-193. https://doi.org/10.28945/3768
- Sullivan, A., Kazakoff, E. R., & Bers, M. U. (2013). The wheels on the bot go round and round: robotics curriculum in prekindergarten. Journal of Information Technology Education, pp. 12, 203-219. https://doi.org/10.28945/1887
- Sung, W., Ahn, J., & Black, J. B. (2017). Introducing CT to young learners: practicing computational perspectives through embodiment in mathematics education. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 22, 443-463. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10758-017-9328-x
- Vaiopoulou, J., Papadakis, S., Sifaki, E., Stamovlasis, D., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2021). Parents' perceptions of educational apps use for kindergarten children: development and validation of a new instrument (PEAU-p) and exploration of parents' profiles. Behavioral Sciences, 11(6), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11060082
- Walsh, C., & Campbell, C. (2018). Introducing coding as a Literacy on mobile Devices in the Early Years. In G. Oakley (Ed), Mobile Technologies in Children's Language and Literacy: Innovative Pedagogy in Preschool and Primary Education (51-66). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-879-620181004
- Wang, X. C., Choi, Y., Benson, K., Eggleston, C., & Weber, D. (2021). Teacher's role in fostering preschoolers' CT: an exploratory case study. Early Education and Development, 32(1), 26-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1759012
- Wing J. M. (2006). CT. Communications of the ACM 49(3), 33-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215
- Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2017). Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971