Open Access Peer-reviewed Review

Teaching and learning natural sciences using augmented reality in preschool and primary education: A literature review

Article Sidebar

Download PDF
Submitted   Feb 13, 2024
Published   May 24, 2024
Issue    Vol 4 No 1 (2024)
DOI   10.25082/AMLER.2024.01.013

Views

1109

Downloads

430

Citations

PlumX Metrics

Main Article Content

Georgios Lampropoulos corresponding author
1. Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece; 2. Research and Development Laboratory in Education and Psychology, School of Humanities, Hellenic Open University, Patras 26335, Greece

Abstract

Augmented reality has the potential to transform and enrich Natural Sciences education. This is particularly true in preschool and primary education. This study aims to provide a literature review regarding the use of augmented reality in preschool and primary education to teach and learn Natural Sciences, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Environmental sciences, and Physics. A total of 63 related studies are examined. Based on the results, augmented reality emerged as a valuable and effective educational tool that can improve teaching and learning of Natural Sciences and its branches (e.g., Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Environmental sciences, and Physics) in kindergarten and elementary schools. Students, teachers, and parents expressed positive attitudes and emotions about the use of augmented reality in education. Students that learned through augmented reality applications achieved better learning outcomes than those who learned through traditional means and methods. Specifically, augmented reality helped students acquire a deeper understanding of the concepts taught, improved their self-learning, and increased their engagement, motivation, comprehension, flow, and academic performance. Augmented reality can also help teachers provide lessons of high quality. Moreover, the ability of augmented reality to support both formal and informal learning was evident. Augmented reality also effectively supported collaborative learning, scaffolding, and experiential learning and enabled students to communicate and interact with their peers, surrounding environment, and digital content. Finally, augmented reality arose as an educational means that can improve students' ecological empathy as well as environmental consciousness and awareness. Based on the findings, implications and future research directions are provided.

Keywords
augmented reality, natural sciences, preschool education, primary education

Article Details

How to Cite
Lampropoulos, G. (2024). Teaching and learning natural sciences using augmented reality in preschool and primary education: A literature review. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 4(1), 1021-1037. https://doi.org/10.25082/AMLER.2024.01.013
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

References

  1. Abdullah, N., Baskaran, V. L., Mustafa, Z., Ali, S. R., & Zaini, S. H. (2022). Augmented Reality: The Effect in Students’ Achievement, Satisfaction and Interest in Science Education. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 21(5), 326–350. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.5.17
  2. Abrar, M. F., Islam, Md. R., Hossain, Md. S., Islam, M. M., & Kabir, M. A. (2019). Augmented Reality in Education: A Study on Preschool Children, Parents, and Teachers in Bangladesh. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21565-1_14
  3. Alam, F., Iqbal, K., Sattar, M. Z., & Nazir, S. (2020). Using Augmented Reality for Teaching Chemistry. International Journal of Experiential Learning & Case Studies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.22555/ijelcs.v5i2.49
  4. Albayrak, S., & Yilmaz, R. M. (2021). An Investigation of Pre-School Children’s Interactions with Augmented Reality Applications. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 38(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1926761
  5. Ali, D. F., Omar, M., Mokhtar, M., Suhairom, N., Abdullah, A. H., & Halim, N. D. A. (2017). A review on augmented reality application in engineering drawing classrooms. Man India, 97(19), 195-204.
  6. Alkhattabi, M. (2017). Augmented Reality as E-learning Tool in Primary Schools’ Education: Barriers to Teachers’ Adoption. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 12(02), 91. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i02.6158
  7. Ampartzaki, M., Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2021). Deepening Our Knowledge about Sustainability Education in the Early Years: Lessons from a Water Project. Education Sciences, 11(6), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11060251
  8. Anggara, R. P., Musa, P., Sri Lestari, & Widodo, S. (2021). Application of Electronic Learning by Utilizing Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) Methods in Natural Sciences Subjects (IPA) in Elementary School Students Grade 3. JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 23(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v23i1.20203
  9. Antoniadi, G. (2023). Using an augmented reality application for teaching plant parts: A case study in 1$^rm st$-grade primary school students. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 3(1), 630–637. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2023.01.012
  10. Arcos, C., Fuertes, W., Villacis, C., Zambrano, M., Noboa, T., Tacuri, A., Aules, H., & Toulkeridis, T. (2016). Playful and interactive environment-based augmented reality to stimulate learning of children. 2016 18th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON). https://doi.org/10.1109/melcon.2016.7495421
  11. Atmojo, I. R. W., Ardiansyah, R., Saputri, D. Y., & Adi, F. P. (2021). The Effectiveness of STEAM-Based Augmented Reality Media in Improving the Quality of Natural Science Learning in Elementary School. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(2), 821–828. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i2.643
  12. Aydoğdu, F. (2021). Augmented reality for preschool children: An experience with educational contents. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(2), 326–348. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13168
  13. Azuma, R. T. (1997). A Survey of Augmented Reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355–385. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355
  14. Beltozar-Clemente, S., Sierra-Liñan, F., Zapata-Paulini, J., & Cabanillas-Carbonell, M. (2022). Augmented reality mobile application to improve the astronomy teaching-learning process. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 2(2), 464–474. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2022.02.015
  15. KİRMAN BİLGİN, A., & KALA, N. (2022). Using Case-Based Science Scenarios to Analyze Preservice Teachers’ Analytical Thinking Skills. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim, 15(4), 867–883. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1095368
  16. Boletsis, C., & McCallum, S. (2013). The Table Mystery: An Augmented Reality Collaborative Game for Chemistry Education. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40790-1_9
  17. Campos-Pajuelo, E., Vargas-Hernandez, L., Sierra-Liñan, F., Zapata-Paulini, J., & Cabanillas-Carbonell, M. (2022). Learning the chemical elements through an augmented reality application for elementary school children. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 2(2), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2022.02.018
  18. Cascales, A., Laguna, I., Pérez-López, D., Perona, P., & Contero, M. (2013). An Experience on Natural Sciences Augmented Reality Contents for Preschoolers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39420-1_12
  19. Cascales, A., Pérez-López, D., & Contero, M. (2013). Study on Parent’s Acceptance of the Augmented Reality Use for Preschool Education. Procedia Computer Science, 25, 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.11.053
  20. Caudell, T. P., & Mizell, D. W. (1992). Augmented reality: an application of heads-up display technology to manual manufacturing processes. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.1992.183317
  21. Chang, R.-C., & Chung, L.-Y. (2017). Integrating Augmented Reality Technology into Subject Teaching: The Implementation of an Elementary Science Curriculum. Frontier Computing, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3187-8_20
  22. Chen, S.-Y. (2022). To explore the impact of augmented reality digital picture books in environmental education courses on environmental attitudes and environmental behaviors of children from different cultures. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1063659
  23. Chien, Y.-C., Su, Y.-N., Wu, T.-T., & Huang, Y.-M. (2017). Enhancing students’ botanical learning by using augmented reality. Universal Access in the Information Society, 18(2), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-017-0590-4
  24. Cohen, I. B. (1994). An Analysis of Interactions between the Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences. The Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences, 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3391-5_1
  25. Cruzado, J. P., De La Cruz, N., Salazar, J. L. H., & Tarazona, J. (2020). ARAnimals: Mobile Application with Augmented Reality for the Learning of Vertebrate Animals. 2020 IEEE Congreso Bienal de Argentina (ARGENCON). https://doi.org/10.1109/argencon49523.2020.9505519
  26. Dunleavy, M., & Dede, C. (2013). Augmented Reality Teaching and Learning. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 735–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_59
  27. DÜZYOL, E., YILDIRIM, G., & ÖZYILMAZ, G. (2022). Investigation of the effect of augmented reality application on preschool children’s knowledge of space. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 5(1), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.976885
  28. Enyedy, N., Danish, J. A., Delacruz, G., & Kumar, M. (2012). Learning physics through play in an augmented reality environment. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 7(3), 347–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-012-9150-3
  29. Ewais, A., & Troyer, O. D. (2019). A Usability and Acceptance Evaluation of the Use of Augmented Reality for Learning Atoms and Molecules Reaction by Primary School Female Students in Palestine. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(7), 1643–1670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633119855609
  30. Fadhli, M., Purnomo, R., Utami, D. D., Hastuti, B. N., Mahon4, D., & Masters, A. (2022). The Effectiveness of Playful Augmented Reality Media for Teaching Early-Primary Students. European Conference on Games Based Learning, 16(1), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecgbl.16.1.632
  31. Fakhrudin, A. (2018). The Implementation of Augmented Reality Technology in Teaching Natural Sciences to Improve Elementary Students’ Learning Achievement. Al-Ta Lim Journal, 25(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.15548/jt.v25i1.374
  32. Fakhrudın, A., Yamtınah, S., & Rıyadı, R. (2017). Implementation of augmented reality technology in natural sciences learning of elementary school to optimize the students' learning result. International Online Journal of Primary Education, 6(2), 30–38.
  33. Fisch, S. M. (2013). Cross-Platform Learning: On the Nature of Children’s Learning from Multiple Media Platforms. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2013(139), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20032
  34. Fleck, S., & Simon, G. (2013). An Augmented Reality Environment for Astronomy Learning in Elementary Grades. Proceedings of the 25th Conference on l’Interaction Homme-Machine. https://doi.org/10.1145/2534903.2534907
  35. Garzón, J., Pavón, J., & Baldiris, S. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmented reality in educational settings. Virtual Reality, 23(4), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-019-00379-9
  36. Gecu‐Parmaksiz, Z., & Delialioglu, O. (2019). Augmented reality‐based virtual manipulatives versus physical manipulatives for teaching geometric shapes to preschool children. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6), 3376–3390. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12740
  37. Gecu-Parmaksiz, Z., & Delialioğlu, Ö. (2018). The effect of augmented reality activities on improving preschool children’s spatial skills. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(7), 876–889. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1546747
  38. Hendajani, F., Hakim, A., Lusita, M. D., Saputra, G. E., & Ramadhana, A. P. (2018). 3D animation model with augmented reality for natural science learning in elementary school. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1013, 012154. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012154
  39. Hidayat, H., Sukmawarti, S., & Suwanto, S. (2021). The application of augmented reality in elementary school education. Research, Society and Development, 10(3), e14910312823. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.12823
  40. Huang, C.-Y., Chou, Y.-Y., Chen, C.-H., & Tsai, Y.-H. (2022). Applying Activity System-Based Process Model in Augmented Reality-Based Learning for Natural Science Course in Elementary School. Mobile Information Systems, 2022, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9579766
  41. Huang, Y., Li, H., & Fong, R. (2015). Using Augmented Reality in early art education: a case study in Hong Kong kindergarten. Early Child Development and Care, 186(6), 879–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1067888
  42. Ibanez, M.-B., Di-Serio, A., Villaran-Molina, D., & Delgado-Kloos, C. (2015). Augmented Reality-Based Simulators as Discovery Learning Tools: An Empirical Study. IEEE Transactions on Education, 58(3), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1109/te.2014.2379712
  43. Iquira-Becerra, D., Flores-Conislla, M., Carlos-Chullo, J. D., Sotelo-Castro, B., Payalich-Quispe, C., & Corrales-Delgado, C. (2020). A Critical Analysis of Usability and Learning Methods on an Augmented Reality Application for Zoology Education. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 5(2), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj050250
  44. Istiningsih, I., Mukti, F. D., & Santoso, E. Y. N. S. (2020). Development of Augmented Reality (Ar) Learning Media of Natural Science Subject on Subject Matter of Water Cycle for MI Grade V Students. JIP Jurnal Ilmiah PGMI, 6(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.19109/jip.v6i1.5795
  45. Jančaříková, K., & Severini, E. (2019). Uses of Augmented Reality for Development of Natural Literacy in Pre-Primary Education. Augmented Reality in Educational Settings, 24–55. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004408845_002
  46. Jesson, J., & Lacey, F. (2006). How to do (or not to do) a critical literature review. Pharmacy Education, 6(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/15602210600616218
  47. Jin, J., Liu, T., Wang, Y., & Wang, C. (2019). Isea: An Interesting Application of Chemistry Education Based on AR. 2019 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV). https://doi.org/10.1109/icvrv47840.2019.00071
  48. Kagan, J. (2009). The Three Cultures. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511576638
  49. Kalogiannakis, M., Ampartzaki, M., Papadakis, S., & Skaraki, E. (2018). Teaching natural science concepts to young children with mobile devices and hands-on activities. A case study. International Journal of Teaching and Case Studies, 9(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtcs.2018.090965
  50. Kamarainen, A. M., Metcalf, S., Grotzer, T., Browne, A., Mazzuca, D., Tutwiler, M. S., & Dede, C. (2013). EcoMOBILE: Integrating augmented reality and probeware with environmental education field trips. Computers & Education, 68, 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.018
  51. Kastriti, E., Kalogiannakis, M., Psycharis, S., & Vavougios, D. (2022). The teaching of Natural Sciences in kindergarten based on the principles of STEM and STEAM approach. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 2(1), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2022.01.011
  52. Koca, B. A., Cubukcu, B., & Yuzgec, U. (2019). Augmented Reality Application for Preschool Children with Unity 3D Platform. 2019 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT). https://doi.org/10.1109/ismsit.2019.8932729
  53. Koutromanos, G., Tzortzoglou, F., & Sofos, A. (2018). Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Game for Environmental Education: “Save Elli, Save the Environment.” Research on E-Learning and ICT in Education, 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95059-4_14
  54. Kurniawan, D. A., Astalini, A., Darmaji, D., & Melsayanti, R. (2019). Students’ attitude towards natural sciences. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 8(3), 455. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i3.16395
  55. Lampropoulos, G. (2023). Augmented Reality and Artificial Intelligence in Education: Toward Immersive Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Springer Series on Cultural Computing, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27166-3_8
  56. Lampropoulos, G. (2023). Educational benefits of digital game-based learning: K-12 teachers’ perspectives and attitudes. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 3(2), 805–817. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2023.02.008
  57. Lampropoulos, G., & Admiraal, W. (2023). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Primary, Secondary, and K-12 Education: A Systematic Review. International Journal on Studies in Education, 5(4), 348–440. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.161
  58. Lampropoulos, G., & Kinshuk. (2024). Virtual reality and gamification in education: a systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-024-10351-3
  59. Lampropoulos, G., Keramopoulos, E., Diamantaras, K., & Evangelidis, G. (2022). Augmented Reality and Gamification in Education: A Systematic Literature Review of Research, Applications, and Empirical Studies. Applied Sciences, 12(13), 6809. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136809
  60. Lampropoulos, G., Keramopoulos, E., Diamantaras, K., & Evangelidis, G. (2023). Integrating Augmented Reality, Gamification, and Serious Games in Computer Science Education. Education Sciences, 13(6), 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060618
  61. Lavidas, K., Apostolou, Z., & Papadakis, S. (2022). Challenges and Opportunities of Mathematics in Digital Times: Preschool Teachers’ Views. Education Sciences, 12(7), 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12070459
  62. Ledoux, S. F. (2002). Defining natural sciences. Behaviorology Today, 5(1), 34–36.
  63. Lee, S. Y., & Yoon, S. Y. (2020). Exploring augmented reality for mobile learning: a case study with children’s readings on environmental sustainability. International Journal of Smart Technology and Learning, 2(2/3), 151. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijsmarttl.2020.112152
  64. Lin, Y., & Yu, Z. (2023). A meta‐analysis of the effects of augmented reality technologies in interactive learning environments (2012–2022). Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 31(4), 1111–1131. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22628
  65. López-Belmonte, J., Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J., López-Núñez, J.-A., & Hinojo-Lucena, F.-J. (2020). Augmented reality in education. A scientific mapping in Web of Science. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(4), 1860–1874. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1859546
  66. López-Belmonte, J., Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J., Marín-Marín, J.-A., & Lampropoulos, G. (2022). The Impact of Gender on the Use of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Students with ASD. Education in the Knowledge Society (EKS), 23. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.28418
  67. Lu, S.-J., & Liu, Y.-C. (2014). Integrating augmented reality technology to enhance children’s learning in marine education. Environmental Education Research, 21(4), 525–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2014.911247
  68. Lu, S.-J., Liu, Y.-C., Chen, P.-J., & Hsieh, M.-R. (2018). Evaluation of AR embedded physical puzzle game on students’ learning achievement and motivation on elementary natural science. Interactive Learning Environments, 28(4), 451–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1541908
  69. Zulhaida Masmuzidin, M., & Abdul Aziz, N. A. (2018). THE CURRENT TRENDS OF AUGMENTED REALITY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION. The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications, 10(06), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijma.2018.10605
  70. Midak, L. Ya., Kravets, I. V., Kuzyshyn, O. V., Berladyniuk, K. V., Buzhdyhan, K. V., Baziuk, L. V., & Uchitel, A. D. (2020). Augmented reality in process of studying astronomic concepts in primary school. https://doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4411
  71. Midak, L., Kuzyshyn, O., & Baziuk, L. (2019). Specifics of Visualization of Study Material with Augmented Reality While Studying Natural Sciences. Open Educational E-Environment of Modern University, Special Edition, 192–201. https://doi.org/10.28925/2414-0325.2019s18
  72. Nainggolan, E. R., Asymar, H. H., Nalendra, A. R. A., Anton, Sulaeman, F., Sidik, Radiyah, U., & Susafarati. (2018). The Implementation of Augmented Reality as Learning Media in Introducing Animals for Early Childhood Education. 2018 6th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM). https://doi.org/10.1109/citsm.2018.8674350
  73. Ng, S. C., Lee, H. C., Cheng, K. N., & Ngan, H. H. (2020). A mobile application with augmented reality in exploring the natural environment of Hong Kong. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 14(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmlo.2020.103918
  74. A/L Eh Phon, D. N., Abdul Rahman, M. H., Utama, N. I., Ali, M. B., Abd Halim, N. D., & Kasim, S. (2019). The Effect of Augmented Reality on Spatial Visualization Ability of Elementary School Student. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9(2), 624–629. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.9.2.4971
  75. Nuanmeesri, S. (2018). The Augmented Reality for Teaching Thai Students about the Human Heart. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 13(06), 203. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i06.8506
  76. Nurpandi, F., & Gumelar, A. (2018). Augmented Reality Chemical Reaction with User-Centered Design. MATEC Web of Conferences, 218, 04012. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821804012
  77. Olim, S. C., & Nisi, V. (2020). Augmented Reality Towards Facilitating Abstract Concepts Learning. Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2020, 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65736-9_17
  78. Câmara Olim, S., Nisi, V., & Romão, T. (2023). Periodic fable discovery: an augmented reality serious game to introduce and motivate young children towards chemistry. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 83(17), 52593–52619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17526-9
  79. Oranç, C., & Küntay, A. C. (2019). Learning from the real and the virtual worlds: Educational use of augmented reality in early childhood. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 21, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2019.06.002
  80. Ozdamli, F., & Karagozlu, D. (2018). Preschool Teachers’ Opinions on the Use of Augmented Reality Application in Preschool Science Education / Mišljenja nastavnika predškolskog odgoja o upotrebi aplikacije proširene stvarnosti u predškolskom obrazovanju u području prirodnih znanosti. Croatian Journal of Education - Hrvatski Časopis Za Odgoj i Obrazovanje, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.15516/cje.v20i1.2626
  81. OZTURK, E., & AKCAY, G. (2023). Can Environmental Education Supported by Augmented Reality (AR) Applications Improve the Environmental Awareness of Primary School Students? The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences, 31, 216–229. https://doi.org/10.55549/epess.1381983
  82. Patricio, J. M., Costa, M. C., & Manso, A. (2019). A Gamified Mobile Augmented Reality System for the Teaching of Astronomical Concepts. 2019 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI). https://doi.org/10.23919/cisti.2019.8760658
  83. Pérez Lisboa, S. R., Ríos Binimelis, C. G., & Castillo Allaria, J. (2019). Realidad aumentada y stellarium: astronomía para niños y niñas de cinco años. Alteridad, 15(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v15n1.2020.02
  84. Pressick-Kilborn, K., Buchanan, J., & Maher, D. (2018). Promoting Environmental Education for Primary School-aged Students Using Digital Technologies. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/100639
  85. Rohaya, D., Rambli, A., Matcha, W., Sulaiman, S., & Nayan, M. Y. (2012). Design and Development of an Interactive Augmented Reality Edutainment Storybook for Preschool. IERI Procedia, 2, 802–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2012.06.174
  86. Rojas-Sánchez, M. A., Palos-Sánchez, P. R., & Folgado-Fernández, J. A. (2022). Systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis on virtual reality and education. Education and Information Technologies, 28(1), 155–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11167-5
  87. Rukayah, R., Daryanto, J., Atmojo, I. R. W., Ardiansyah, R., & Saputri, D. Y. (2021). Needs Analysis of Natural Science Learning Media Development with STEAM-Based Augmented Reality in Elementary School. ICLIQE 2021: Proceeding of The 5th International Conference on Learning Innovation and Quality Education. https://doi.org/10.1145/3516875.3516935
  88. Safar, A. H., Al-Jafar, A. A., & Al-Yousefi, Z. H. (2016). The Effectiveness of Using Augmented Reality Apps in Teaching the English Alphabet to Kindergarten Children: A Case Study in the State of Kuwait. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00624a
  89. Safitri, D., Lestari, I., Maksum, A., Ibrahim, N., Marini, A., Sudrajat, A., Zahari, M., & Iskandar, R. (2022). Ecolabel with Augmented Reality on the Website to Enhance Student Environmental Awareness. International Journal of Ecology, 2022, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8169849
  90. Salvador-Herranz, G., Pérez-López, D., Alcañiz, M., & Contero, M. (2011). Augmented reality at the primary school: A pilot study on a natural sciences course. Proceedings of the AcrossSpaces11 Workshop in Conjunction with Teh EC-TEL 2011, 29–32.
  91. Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
  92. Stoyanova, D., Kafadarova, N., & Stoyanova-Petrova, S. (2015). Enhancing elementary student learning in natural sciences through mobile augmented reality technology. Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 47, 532–536.
  93. Syahidi, A. A., Tolle, H., Supianto, A. A., & Arai, K. (2019). AR-Child: Analysis, Evaluation, and Effect of Using Augmented Reality as a Learning Media for Preschool Children. 2019 5th International Conference on Computing Engineering and Design (ICCED). https://doi.org/10.1109/icced46541.2019.9161094
  94. Theodorou, P., Kydonakis, P., Botzori, M., & Skanavis, C. (2018). Augmented reality proves to be a breakthrough in environmental education. Protection and Restoration of the Environment, 7, 219–228.
  95. Tsiavos, P., & Sofos, A. (2019). The Use of Augmented Reality in Education: Development and Use of Application for the Course “Physics - Explore and Discover” in the 5th Class of the Primary School. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.15640/jehd.v8n4a17
  96. Tuli, N., & Mantri, A. (2020). Usability Principles for Augmented Reality based Kindergarten Applications. Procedia Computer Science, 172, 679–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.05.089
  97. Utami, F., Rukiyah, Andika, W. D., & Sumarni, S. (2020). Introduction to Sea Animals With Augmented Reality Based Flashcard for Early Childhood. Proceedings of the 4th Sriwijaya University Learning and Education International Conference (SULE-IC 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201230.108
  98. Wahyu, Y., Suastra, I. W., Sadia, I. W., & Suarni, N. K. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mobile Augmented Reality Assisted STEM-Based Learning on Scientific Literacy and Students’ Achievement. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13324a
  99. Wei, X., & Lu, S. (2023). Developing Cuboid Recognition-based AR Application for Preschool Marine Education. 2023 International Symposium on Educational Technology (ISET). https://doi.org/10.1109/iset58841.2023.00047
  100. Wen, Y., Wu, L., He, S., Ng, N. H.-E., Teo, B. C., Looi, C. K., & Cai, Y. (2023). Integrating augmented reality into inquiry-based learning approach in primary science classrooms. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(4), 1631–1651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10235-y
  101. Wickramapala, T., Jayawardhana, L., Tharaki, S., Senevirathna, S., Gamage, N., & Wickramarathna, J. (2019). Easy Learning: Augmented Reality Based Environmental Studies for Primary Students. 2019 International Conference on Advancements in Computing (ICAC). https://doi.org/10.1109/icac49085.2019.9103402
  102. Wu, H.-K., Lee, S. W.-Y., Chang, H.-Y., & Liang, J.-C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers & Education, 62, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.024
  103. Yilmaz, R. M., Kucuk, S., & Goktas, Y. (2016). Are augmented reality picture books magic or real for preschool children aged five to six? British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(3), 824–841. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12452
  104. Yılmaz, Z. A., & Gözüm, A. İ. C. (2023). Augmented reality app in pre-school education: Children’s knowledge about animals. Southeast Asia Early Childhood Journal, 12(2), 130–151.
  105. Zhang, J., Sung, Y.-T., Hou, H.-T., & Chang, K.-E. (2014). The development and evaluation of an augmented reality-based armillary sphere for astronomical observation instruction. Computers & Education, 73, 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.01.003
  106. Zourmpakis, A. I., Papadakis, S., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2022). Education of preschool and elementary teachers on the use of adaptive gamification in science education. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 14(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtel.2022.120556
  107. Zuniari, N. I., Ridlo, Z. R., Wahyuni, S., Ulfa, E. M., & Dharmawan, M. K. S. (2022). The Effectiveness of Implementation Learning Media Based on Augmented Reality in Elementary School in Improving Critical Thinking Skills in Solar System Course. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2392(1), 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2392/1/012010